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These apps include their own custom certificate validation, to specify the exact HTTPS certificate issuers they're prepared to trust, instead of trusting all of the device's trusted certificate authorities. Unfortunately however, the last 1% which don't stick with the default configuration are more complicated. You can change it though on rooted devices and most emulators, so it's quite possible to intercept and inspect HTTPS traffic from these apps by using a debugging proxy for HTTPS interception in those environments. You can't change the system certificate authorities on normal devices, so this list is fairly reliable and secure.

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What's certificate pinning?īy default, when an Android app makes an HTTPS connection, it makes sure that it's talking to a trusted server by comparing the issuer of the server's certificate to Android's built-in list of trusted system certificate authorities.ĩ9% of apps stick with that default.

Let's talk about how you can fight back, by using Frida to remove SSL pinning, and expose the real traffic that any app is sending. Protections like certificate pinning make this difficult. In the end, this is your Android device, and whether you're a security researcher checking for vulnerabilities, a developer trying to understand how an app uses its API, or a privacy advocate documenting what data an app is sharing, you should be able to see the messages that the apps you use transmit and receive on your own phone. These HTTP interception and mocking techniques are super useful for testing and understanding most apps, but they have issues with the small set of hyper-vigilant apps that add extra protections aiming to lock down their HTTPS traffic and block this kind of inspection. This depends on the target application(s) trusting the debugging proxy's certificate for HTTPS traffic.

It's not a purely theoretical problem either - protections like this attempt to directly block HTTPS inspection tools like HTTP Toolkit, which allow you to automatically intercept HTTPS from Android devices for inspection, testing & mocking, like so: This is problematic for security research, privacy analysis and debugging, and for control over your own device in general. Some Android apps go to astounding lengths to ensure that even the owner of a device can never see the content of the app's HTTPS requests.

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